Special Education


Teaching Students with Learning and Behavioural Differences
A Resource Guide for Teachers

Elementary Case Studies


Case Study 2 - Chrissy Johnson

Chrissy is a Grade 2 student beginning the second term. Chrissy continues at the emergent stage of reading. Throughout the first term Chrissy would rote read repetitive pattern stories she had memorized during the whole class chant read time. At this time Chrissy is not able to identify words in isolation. When asked to point to the words as she reads, Chrissy does not relate groups of letters as one word, but as she points to a word, she will say two or more words. Assessment by a speech-language pathologist indicated difficulty with rapid, automatized naming of letters and colours and difficulty with syllable and sound segmentation of spoken words.

Informal Observations

  • Chrissy does not read storybooks. She only chooses picture books and talks about the pictures.
  • When asked to track with pointer on chart, Chrissy points randomly as she chants what she has memorized. If she doesn't know the poem or chant, she makes it up.
  • When asked to point to high frequency words such as the, is, Chrissy becomes very frustrated and resistant. ( "I don't want to. I don't have to. My tummy hurts")
  • Chrissy does not seem to be able to generate rhyming words as easily as other children.
  • Segmentation of three-syllable, spoken words into separate syllables, while clapping, continues to be difficult.

Planning Meeting

The Grade 2 teacher meets with Chrissy's parents. Together they review the areas of greatest concerns. Chrissy is not able to:

  • recognize what a word is. She cannot seem to differentiate between words and random groups of letters.
  • identify the beginning and end of a word.
  • read commonly used sight words or track words.
  • use print to communicate ideas.
  • segment words into sound.

Mom reads to the child at home, but Chrissy just listens without attempting to follow the words on the page. They talk about the pictures and the story.

Consensus is that at this time Chrissy need to be able to identify words from random groups of letters and to identify commonly used sight words. Also, Chrissy needs to work on sound/letter relationships and begin attempting to use letters and words along with pictures to communicate ideas.

Informal Plan

In the classroom the teacher will use a big book or poems on chart stand so that the words are large enough to work with. The teacher will model:

  • circling words on the chart as she reads them, so that Chrissy realizes that a group of letters make up a word.
  • identifying the initial consonant.

The teacher will involve Chrissy in:

  • circling the words on the chart.
  • word games such as finding the same word in the rest of the poem and alphabet bingo.
  • tasks to segment words into syllables and sounds orally using words with the same initial sound, blends, similar spelling patterns and syllable shape.

At home Chrissy's parents will:

  • model tracking words with finger as she reads.
  • read as child tracks or points to the word.

Review

After four weeks of following the informal plan, Chrissy's teacher contacted her parents to indicate that Chrissy's progress had not improved significantly and initiated a referral to the Learning Assistance Program at the school. Permission for formal testing was sought and parents were invited to participate in a school-based team meeting which would also include the Learning Assistance Teacher. The following IEP was developed following the school-based team meeting.

Individual Education Plan - Chrissy Johnson

Student name: Chrissy Johnson School: Any Elementary
Date of birth: February 11, 1988 Teacher: Ms. S. Jones
Age: 7 years Learning assistant: Mrs. T. Class
Class placement: Grade 2 Date of IEP: February 1, 1996
Parents: Jack and Alice Johnson           Review Date: April 16, 1996

Medical Information

Vision: Eyes tested-no vision problems
Hearing: Checked-no problems identified Other: Parents report that Chrissy has always been an active child. She has found Grade 2 much more difficult to adjust to. They think it's because she's required to sit and work for longer periods of time. Lately she has been reporting headaches and stomach aches. Their family doctor, Dr. Whitecoat, has found no medical problems.

Additional Information

Number of years in school: 2 1/2 years
Number of schools attended: 1
Placement History: regular classes:
kindergarten, Grade 1 and Grade 2 (current)

Progress to date

These results are based on observations of the classroom teacher and criterion referenced assessment conducted by the Learning Assistance Teacher on January 28, 1995.

What the student can do

  • Beginning to associate symbol/sound relationship with beginning consonants.
  • Can name and sound 17/26 letters of the alphabet.
  • Uses random letters as words (pre-writing stage).
  • Knows letters are used to communicate

Strengths

  • Expressive/receptive oral language.
  • Motor coordination/sports.
  • Curious - asks interesting questions.
  • Memorizes repetitive pattern stories.

Long term goals (Student will...)

  • Develop independent reading skills.
  • Develop independent writing skills.
  • Develop enough self-confidence as a reader and writer to initiate these activities on her own.
Objectives
  • Differentiate a single word from a sentence or a paragraph.
  • Identify the name and sound of all 26 letters of the alphabet and print them in a recognizable form.
  • Increase familiarity with printed language.
  • Increase ability use written language to communicate ideas.
  • Increase familiarity with common spelling patterns.
  • Increase familiarity and with interesting literature and improve self-concept as a reader.
  • Increase ability to segment words into syllables and sounds.
Strategies
  • The classroom teacher will provide Chrissy with simple sentence patterns that can be used to make small books in the writing centre. For example: I like eating_____, I don't like eating ______, I like to play ______ with_______.
  • Individual conference with classroom teacher 10 minutes daily.
    • mini-lessons on letter sounds with follow-up practice stressing the concept being taught.
    • stress multi-modal approach

Class Activities

  • Continue with choral reading and chanting.
  • Use sentence strips in pocket charts to encourage students to attend to details.
  • Cut up sentence strips into words to increase familiarity with individual words.
  • The classroom teacher will read orally to the class every day.
  • The Learning Assistance Teacher will share these words with the classroom teacher so that Chrissy is asked to identify familiar words in the classroom.
  • The Learning Assistance Teacher will use a variety of strategies to teach Chrissy to read commonly used words:
    • key word cards - words Chrissy wants to learn to read; her favourite words.
    • cut-up sentences taken from familiar patterned stories ; Chrissy will reassemble in correct order.
    • sight word card games.
    • reading back dictated sentences.
  • The Learning Assistance Teacher will select high interest books for Chrissy to take home for her parents to read to her. A conference will be set up so that the LA Teacher can assist the parents with tutoring strategies.
  • The speech-language pathologist will use alliteration, rhyme and other word segmentation activities to assist Chrissy with sound-letter correspondence. Theses activities will be carried out with a small group of children from the class.

Criteria for Success

  • Chrissy will be expected to count the number of words in a familiar sentence to indicate that she can identify the printed word. (100% accuracy required)
  • Chrissy will name and sound all 26 letters of the alphabet and print them in a way that can be recognized by others. (100% accuracy)
  • Chrissy will begin to accurately re-order sentence and word strips on her own applying her knowledge of initial sounds.
  • Chrissy will successfully read 10 new sight words per week. When she has been able to read a sight word successfully for 5 days in a row, the word will be dropped from the weekly review list.
  • Chrissy will complete one simple patterned book per week.
  • Chrissy will score 90% on a spelling test at the end of every two weeks The test will consist of 10 words - 7 from the word family currently being studied and 3 from word families studied in the past.
  • Chrissy will be expected to segment words into syllables. She will segment words into individual sounds, including words of three syllables and blends.